Jalal Hisameddin Nureddin Ghafur, also known as Mam Jalal, joined the ranks of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in 1947, became a member of the KDP Central Committee in 1953, was a member of the founding committee of the Kurdistan Qutabi (Students) Union in 1953, was a member of the preparatory committee of the first congress of the Kurdistan Qutabi (Students) Union in Baghdad in 1953, and became the secretary of that Union in the same year. He joined the Peshmerga forces in 1961, and was elected President of Iraq by the Iraqi Parliament in 2004.

Biography

Jalal Hisameddin Nureddin Khafur, also known as Mam Jalal, was born in 1933 in the town of Koy, Erbil province, to a family of sheikhs of the Qadir Talabani lineage and from the Zanganeh tribe of Fayli, whose ancestors migrated from Kermanshah in Eastern Kurdistan to Southern Kurdistan at the end of the Safavid era. She completed her primary and secondary education in the town of Koy, in the province of Erbil, and her high school in Kirkuk. She started her education in the first grade of secondary school in Koy in 1948. She completed her secondary school in Koy in 1950. In 1951, she was accepted to the fourth grade of secondary school in Erbil. In 1952, she completed the fifth grade of the science department of the secondary school in Kirkuk. In 1952, she was accepted to the Law Department of Baghdad University. In 1959, after dropping out of school for political reasons, she graduated from the Law College of Baghdad University. In 1960, she worked as a lawyer in Kirkuk province. In 1967, she married Hiro Ibrahim Ahmed and had her wedding in 1970.

On December 17, 2012, he suddenly fell ill and was sent to the Charite Hospital in Berlin. On September 24, 2012, he signed an agreement with the Secretary General of the Gorran Movement, Nawshirwan Mustafa (1944-2017), to suspend the vote on the constitution of the Kurdistan Region. On July 19, 2014, he was returned to Sulaymaniyah and withdrew from all administrative and political activities. On September 29, 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in law from the University of Koy. On Tuesday, October 3, 2017, he passed away due to illness in a Berlin hospital, and on this occasion, he was named President. Masoud Barzani The President of the Kurdistan Region declared a week of mourning in the Kurdistan Region on October 6, 2017, through Sulaymaniyah Airport in the presence of the President. Masoud Barzani The President of the Kurdistan Region carried his body to the city of Sulaymaniyah under the flag of Kurdistan and buried it on Mount Dabashan in Sulaymaniyah. He was fluent in Kurdish, Arabic, Persian and English.

Worksheet

In 1946, he became a supporter of the Iraqi Communist Party and through the lawyer Omar Mustafa Muhammad Amin (1923-1992), known as Omar Debabe also known as, was invited to the ranks of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (PDK) and organized in a cell, in 1947, with the encouragement and support of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, he was one of the founders of the Literacy Promotion Association (K.P.X), in 1947 he won first place in the primary school at the Erbil provincial level, on March 21, 1947, he played the role of Kawe's son in the play Zuhak in the town of Koy, in 1947 he joined the ranks of the Kurdish Democratic Party and began his political activities under the pseudonyms Agir and Polo, and his short articles were also published under the name Agir in the newspaper Rzgari, which is the organ of the Kurdish Democratic Party.

In 1949, he was a member of the Koy District Committee of the Kurdish Democratic Party. In 1951, he was briefly exiled to Mosul by the authorities of the Kingdom of Iraq due to his political activities. In 1951, he was a delegate to the second congress of the Kurdish Democratic Party in Baghdad. He participated in the demonstration of November 20, 1952 in Erbil and was arrested by the police a day later. In 1953, he was elected by the congress delegates as a member of the Central Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iraq at the third congress. In 1953, he was a member of the founding committee of the Kurdistan Qutabi (Students) Union in Baghdad. In 1953, he was elected by the congress delegates as the Secretary of the Kurdistan Qutabi (Students) Union at the first congress. In 1953, under the leadership of lawyer Ibrahim Ahmed Fatah (1914-2000) and with Habib Muhammad Karim, (1931-2013), also known as Habib Fayli, was a member of the Committee of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan – Iraq, who worked to reconcile the three wings of the Communist Party of Iraq (Al-Qaeda, Raya Al-Shaheela and the Communist Unity) and unify them, which they succeeded in doing. In 1954, he was elected as a member of the Political School of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan – Iraq. In 1954, he was briefly arrested by the secret police of the Kingdom of Iraq. On March 20, 1954, he participated in the Newroz celebration in the city of Erbil and delivered a speech in Arabic on behalf of the students of the law department of the Baghdad College of Law. In 1954, he was known under the pseudonym Awla among the organizations of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan – Iraq in the city of Raniya, Sulaymaniyah province. In 1955, he served as the secretary of the Qutbists of Kurdistan Union (congress) second) was elected, in 1955, together with Engineer Nouri Sadiq Ali (1922-1983), known as Nouri Shaways, he sent a letter of protest against the actions of the Iraqi Communist Party to the British Communist Party on behalf of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iraq, on July 31, 1955, he was the representative of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iraq at the World Youth Congress in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, in 1956 he was elected as the head of the Kurdistan Qutb Union, in 1956 he became a member of the Political School of the United Democratic Party of Kurdistan (second unification), in 1957 he became a member of the Political School of the United Democratic Party of Kurdistan (third unification), in 1957 he participated in the World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow and with General Mustafa Barzani (1903-1979), participated in the establishment of the Kurdish Democratic Party in Syria in Damascus in 1957 and became their point of contact with the United Democratic Party of Kurdistan, in 1957 in Damascus he met with Michel Aflaq, the head of the Arab Ba'ath Party, Ekrem Hourani, one of the founders of the Ba'ath Party, and Abdulhamid al-Sarraj (1925-2013), Vice President of the Arab League, and described his meeting with the President Mustafa Barzani in Moscow and his meeting with President Gamal Abdul Nasser (1918-1970), on November 3, 1958, he was the host of the ceremony welcoming the general back to Baghdad at the public hall. Mustafa Barzani He was from the Soviet Union and served as the editorial director of the Rizgari magazine, which only published two issues in early 1959.

In 1959, he was a member of the joint committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Communist Party of Iraq for coordination and cooperation. On March 21, 1959, he delivered a speech on behalf of the United Democratic Party of Kurdistan in the town of Khanaqin in Diyala province. In 1959, he represented the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iraq at the congress of the Iraqi Journalists' Union. In 1959, he was elected by the congress delegates as a member of the Central Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iraq (Fourth Congress). In 1959, he wrote an article under the name Pirot in the newspaper Xebat, the organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iraq. On February 16, 1960, he graduated from the fourteenth course of the Reserve Military College in Baghdad with the rank of second reserve officer and served in the fourth tank battalion of the Iraqi army. In 1961, he was appointed as the head of the Iraqi Army's Central Committee. In 1960, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (Fifth Congress) by the congress delegates. In 1960, he was elected as a member of the Political School of the Kurdistan Democratic Party at the first meeting of the Central Committee. In 1960, he became the head of the Fourth League Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. In 1960, he opened a political awareness course for the cadres of the Fourth League Committee. In 1961, he participated in the meeting of the Leadership of the Kurdistan Democratic Party to assess the current situation and voted to start the revolution. In 1961, he joined the lawyer Omar Mustafa Mihemed Emin (1923-1992) who was called Omar Debabe known as the President, visited the village of Barzan in Erbil province and met with the President Mustafa Barzani met with him to learn his opinion on the start of the revolution, in September 1961 he visited the rebellious tribes of the Pishdar region to prepare for the general national revolution, and on September 6, 1961, he organized a general strike in Sulaymaniyah to demand the rights of the Kurds as stipulated in the interim constitution of the Republic of Iraq.

In 1961, he joined the Peshmerga forces and was one of the commanders. From December 18 to 23, 1961, he attended the meeting of the Central Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the village of Awalan in the Sulaymaniyah province to continue the work of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. September Revolution voted yes, commanded the liberation of the Sharbejer area of ​​Sulaymaniyah province on Newroz 1962, and served as commander of the first division of the Peshmerga forces in 1962. September Revolution whose headquarters were in the Rezan River in Sulaymaniyah province, he became the commander of the Liberation Force in 1963. In mid-1963, his parents' house was burned by the National Guards of the Ba'ath Party. In 1963, he commanded the Battle of Rezan River in Sulaymaniyah province against the ground forces of the Iraqi army and retreated under pressure from the Iraqi army. At the end of December 1963, he participated in the meeting to establish the Revolutionary Leadership Council in the city of Ranya, Sulaymaniyah province, which was unsuccessful.

In 1963, at the First People's Congress (Koye Congress) convened by President Mustafa Barzani He was appointed as Vice President for this congress. On February 18, 1963, he headed the negotiating delegation of the Koyê Congress (First People's Congress) to Baghdad to negotiate with the Iraqi government on Kurdish rights. In 1963, he was nominated as the President. Mustafa Barzani was for a ministerial position in Iraq.

In 1964, he joined the political school wing of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and was expelled from the party by the majority of the delegates at the sixth congress. In 1964, he went to Iran and stayed there until 1965. In April 1965, he gave an interview to the BBC radio and television agency, which was broadcast in mid-July 1965, after the pardon of the political school wing by the President. Mustafa Barzani left Iran and settled in the liberated areas of September Revolution On December 2, 1966, a delegation from the Iraqi Communist Party visited him and his friends from the Political School wing of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the city of Dolaraq in Sulaymaniyah province and warned them that their secret relations with the Iraqi government were not secret, but they insisted on their relations.

On December 28, 1966, he left the liberated areas of Doleraq and headed for Baghdad, where he fought against the September Revolution assisted the Iraqi government, in mid-May 1966, under the leadership of the Ibrahim Ahmed group of militants - Jalal Talabani who were armed by the Iraqi army and attacked Peshmerga positions September Revolution in the province of Sulaymaniyah, which was initially successful and then defeated, on Sunday, June 19, 1966, in Baghdad with the Prime Minister of Iraq, Dr. Abdulrahman Bezaz (1914-1973), to assist the Iraqi army against the Peshmerga forces. September Revolution met, on Sunday, June 19, 1966, in Baghdad with Iraqi President General Abdulrahman Muhammad Arif (1916-2007) to assist the Iraqi army against the Peshmerga forces. September Revolution, met, attended the first meeting of opponents of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the village of Timar (Germyan) on August 28, 1966, and met with Abdulxaliq Samarayi (1935-1979) in the village of Kelosh in 1966.

On March 28, 1970, Iraqi President Ahmed Hassan Bakr (1914-1983) announced his complete withdrawal from support for Ibrahim Ahmed's group. Jalal Talabani and the arming of their supporters, on August 7, 1970, along with Ismail Aziz Mustafa (1938-2017), Sheikh Ismail Mullah Aziz, deputy chairman of the fifth league of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, visited the President to rejoin the ranks of the KDP. Mustafa Barzani at his summer base in Haji Omaran, Erbil province, and Faxir Hamed Salih (1937-1975), known as Fakhir Mergesori also known, accused of treason.

Representation of the President in 1970 Mustafa Barzani He performed on the 40th day of the death of Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) and was received by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (1918-1981). He joined the ranks of the Kurdistan Democratic Party on February 10, 1971. In 1972, he was the Deputy Head of Relations of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Beirut. In 1975, he met with Anwar Sadat.

On May 22, 1975, with the help of Dr. Fuad Masum and Adil Murad (1949-2018), known as Adil Feyli and Abdulrezaq Aziz Mirza (1945-2018), known as Abdulrezaq Feyli, they wrote and published the first statement of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). On June 1, 1975, with Dr. Fuad Masum, Adil Feyli and Abdulrezaq Feyli, they founded the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). In 1975, after the collapse of the September Revolution, secretly visited Moscow at the request of Soviet authorities and discussed the start of the revolution. He attended the 17th Congress of the Kurdish Students' Association in West Berlin from August 27 to 31, 1975, and caused the split of this association.

In mid-December 1976 in Damascus, Masoud Barzani and agreed on coordination and cooperation, on July 20, 1977, he returned to Southern Kurdistan to continue the armed struggle, on August 31, 1977, he attended the first leadership meeting of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) in Dole Kost, a triangle of international borders (Iraq, Turkey and Iran) belonging to Erbil province, for the distribution of posts and at that meeting he was elected as the Secretary General of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, in 1978, with the help of the Iranian SAVAK, he led his forces from Iran to the Turkish border to prepare for the Battle of Hakkari against the forces of the Provisional Leadership of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the Behdinan and Northern Kurdistan area, in 1978, he attended the Bexalisk meeting in Sulaymaniyah province with the aim of discussing the results of the Battle of Hakkari and the disappearance of most of the forces of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) at the hands of the Provisional Leadership of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (PDK), in In 1978, he opposed negotiations with the Iraqi government at a meeting outside Gurgan in the Qandil Mountains in Sulaymaniyah province. In 1979, he provided weapons to the Iraqi Communist Party. In 1979, he met with Ahmed Benikhalani, a member of the Political School of the Iraqi Communist Party, in the village of "Nawzeng" in Sulaymaniyah province, with the aim of resolving the disputes between the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan.

On October 13, 1982, in the village of Goreşir in Sulaymaniyah province, he met with Colonel Khalil Muhammad Shakir, also known as Abu Ahmed, the deputy head of the Iraqi intelligence service, in 1982 he was the president and founder of the Kurdistan Revolutionary Union, in 1984 he began negotiations with the Iraqi regime and Saddam Hussein (1937-2006) and stopped the armed conflict for two years, in 1985 he wrote a letter to Ayatollah Hussein Ali Montazeri, the deputy leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, for the purpose of mutual cooperation, on October 11, 1986 he assisted the Iranian Revolutionary Guards in Operation Fathi 1 to attack Iraqi army positions and oil centers in Kirkuk.

On November 8, 1986, he signed a peace agreement with Idris Mustafa Sheikh Muhammad (1944-1987), known as Idris Barzani, a member of the Political School of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, in Tehran, Iran. In April 1986, he signed a joint agreement with the Iraqi Communist Party. On June 19, 1992, he was elected as a member of the General Committee of the Iraqi National Congress (Vienna Congress). In 1992, he was elected second in the election of the leader of the Kurdish liberation movement, after the President. Masoud Barzani with 441,057 votes, on Saturday, April 3, 1993, along with President Masoud Barzani met with Turkish President Turgut Ozal (1927-1993) at the Turkish Republic Palace, and met with Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel on Sunday, April 4, 1993.

On July 1, 1993, with the President Masoud Barzani attended the graduation ceremony of the 12th class of Salaheddin University in the city of Erbil, and was welcomed as the Secretary General of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) at the border crossing in Bashmakh in Sulaymaniyah province on Wednesday, October 6, 1993. joke (supplications) President Mustafa Barzani (1903-1979) and Idris Mustafa Sheikh Muhammad (1944-1987), known as Idris Barzani, were transferred from the Islamic Republic of Iran to their final destination in the village of Barzan in Erbil province.

On February 17, 1994, under the supervision of the President Masoud Barzani signed a peace agreement with the Islamic Movement of Kurdistan of Iraq, on June 13, 1994, in the city of Slopi (Republic of Turkey) under the supervision of the Turkish state, to declare peace in the Kurdistan Region with President Masoud Barzani On Wednesday, November 9, 1994, at its secretariat headquarters in the city of Erbil, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) held a joint meeting of the Political School to resolve the differences between them.

He arrived in the United States on September 11, 1998, and met with President Obama in Washington on September 17, 1998, in the presence of US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Masoud Barzani, signed a peace agreement with the President of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, on Friday, December 8, 1999, in the town of Pirmam by the President Masoud Barzani was welcomed on Thursday, September 23, 1999, led by a delegation from the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, along with Nechirvan Barzani The head of the Kurdistan Democratic Party delegation visited the US State Department together, on 03will In December 1999, he participated in the Iraqi opposition meeting in New York City, USA, as a representative of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). On Monday, December 8, 2001, he met with President Hamid Karzai in the town of Pirmam, Erbil province, with the aim of strengthening bilateral relations. Masoud Barzani On Monday, February 5, 2001, in the city of Sulaymaniyah, he was once again elected as the Secretary General of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) by the delegates at the second congress of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), and on this occasion he delivered a speech to the participants of the congress. Upon his return to the Kurdistan Region, on Thursday, December 11, 2001, His Highness met with the President once again. Masoud Barzani They met and discussed Turkey's views on developments in Kurdistan.

On Sunday, March 31, 2002, he received Hishyar Mahmud Mihemed, known as Hishyar Zebari, a member of the political school of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), and they discussed their trip to Turkey and Syria. On Sunday, April 7, 2002, he received Hishyar Zebari and Fazil Mirani, the representatives of the President. Masoud Barzani On Friday, May 30, 2002, he received Fazil Mirani, the representative of the President, in the town of Dukan. Masoud Barzani On Monday, July 29, 2002, in the town of Dukan in the Sulaymaniyah province, Dr. Roj Nuri Shaweys, the representative of the President, was received. Masoud Barzani On Monday, July 26, 2002, he was received in London by Sami Abdulrahman and Hishyar Zebari. On Saturday, September 7, 2002, he was received by a delegation of the leadership of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) at the Ibrahim Khalil border crossing between the Republic of Turkey and the Kurdistan Region. On the same day, he was received by the President of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) in the town of Pirmam. Masoud Barzani was welcomed on Tuesday, October 26, 2002, with the President Masoud Barzani They were welcomed by the President of the French Parliament and on Thursday, November 28, 2002, by Nicolas Sarkozy, the French Minister of the Interior.

Thursday, December 19, 2002, in the presence of the President Masoud Barzani met with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at Downing Street headquarters, was a representative of the Iraqi Opposition Congress in Salaheddin in 2003 to overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein, was inaugurated by President on Monday, February 3, 2003, in the town of Khalifan in Erbil province. Masoud Barzani He was welcomed and discussed the political situation in Kurdistan and Iraq. On July 13, 2003, he was appointed as a member of the Presidency Council to manage the Iraqi Interim Government. From March 26 to 27, 2003, he participated in the comprehensive national reconciliation congress in Erbil, which was held under the supervision of President Masoud Barzani was held for all components of Iraq, on Wednesday, April 2, 2003, he attended the Dukan meeting to prepare for the liberation of Iraq, on Monday, September 15, 2003, with the President Masoud Barzani He welcomed US Secretary of State Colin Powell in the city of Halabja and visited the United States with Zalmay Khalilzad in 2003 to lay a wreath at the grave of the martyrs of the Labja chemical attack.

On Saturday, May 15, 2004, he represented the sovereignty and democracy congress held in Erbil with the presence of 600 delegates. On November 18, 2004, he chaired the Iraqi opposition congress in Dukan, to discuss the electoral process, security measures, and the trial of Saddam Hussein. On Wednesday, December 1, 2004, he met with President Masoud Barzani signed a strategic agreement between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) on national issues.

In 2005, he was a candidate for the 130th list of the Kurdistan Alliance for the National Council of Iraq, and on December 30, 2005, he was elected as a member of the National Council of Iraq from the list of the Kurdistan Alliance. On April 28, 2005, he was appointed as the President of the Federal Iraq for the executive phase. In 2005, he ran for the Iraqi Parliament on the Kurdistan Alliance list numbered 730 in the province of Sulaymaniyah. He was received at the Palace of the Federal Republic of Iraq on Saturday, June 17, 2005. Masoud Barzani President of the Kurdistan Region, and in that meeting they discussed the writing of the Iraqi constitution and the participation of all components, and on Friday, August 12, 2005, they discussed the rewriting of the constitution again. On November 15, 2005, as President of Federal Iraq, he attended the Multilateral Islamic World Congress in Vienna. On December 21, 2006, he met with President Masoud Barzani He signed an agreement with the Kurdistan National Council to unite the two governments of Erbil and Sulaymaniyah and establish a unified government for the Kurdistan Region. He served as President of Iraq for two terms (2006-2014). He was inaugurated on Saturday, November 23, 2010, in the city of Erbil by President Masoud Barzani was welcomed to form the Federal Government of Iraq.

From his works:

Jalal Talabani There are many works, most of which are articles and brochures, written for private and public events or speeches given and then published. Among them:

1. Why the Kurdistan Students' Union? - 1953.
2. The Kurdishness of the National Liberation Movement of the People of Kurdistan (1st edition), (3rd edition, 1964).
3. The Peshmerga of Kurdistan - Origin, Development and Story in Comrade Mam Celal's Report for the Kurdistan Democratic Party Conference - Timar, August 28, 1966-1966.
4. Kurdistan and the Kurdish National Movement (1st edition - 1969), Kurdish translation by (H.A), was published in 2011 under the title Kurdistan and the Kurdish National Movement.
5. Why do the Qutbists of Kurdistan need a special organization - 1973.
6. Why the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan...? - 1976.
7. Encouraging the struggle against imperialism, fascism and their servants for independence, democracy and autonomy - 1980.
8. The Call for Kurdishness – 1981.
9. On the partisan war in the cities – 1985.
10. On the Kurdish problem in Iraq - 1988.
11. Agreement and democracy and the deprivation of the people's right to dream? - (First Edition - 1988), (Second Edition - 2014).
12. Learning, Understanding and Using Marxism in Struggle – 1989.
13. Dr. El-Etassi and the Kurdish question - regardless of the year.
14. For the development of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan - 1992.
15. We are not afraid of war, but we want peace - 1995.
16. My Memories - 1996, this book was written in Arabic and translated into Kurdish by Amanjê.
17. Mam Celal's Message - 1997.
18. Arab-Kurdish Dialogue and the Solution of the Kurdish Question -1998.
19. The Spring of Faith Revival -1999.
20. The Silver Jubilee Reign and Future Works – 2000.
21. Iraq From Dictatorship to Democracy - 2003.
22. A series of political articles on federal unity and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan - 2004.
23. Kurdistan is a high federalism... there is no war with it -2004.
24. A short discussion on social democracy – 2007.
25. Part of Mam Celal's Memoirs - 2009, translated from Arabic into Kurdish.
26. Struggles in a Difficult Situation – 2011.

Source:

1. Aram Karim, I Know Mam Celal, Part 1, (Bê Cih - 2000), pp. 5-6, 8, 10-11, 13, 15, 17, 20-22,26.
2. Prepared by: Salah Rashid, Didari Teman, vol. 1, Second Edition, (Sulaymaniyah - Karo Press - 2017), pp. 21-24, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43, 65, 72,82, 89-91. , 184, 221, 321, 330.
3. Prepared by: Kemal Mahmud, Album and Biography of Mam Jalal (George Washington of Iraq), (Sulaymaniyah - Awat Library - Karo Press - 2017), pp. 6-18, 21-23, 32, 36-37, 71- 72, 79, 81-85, 88-91, 114-115.
4. Prepared by: Mela Bakhtiyar, Erîf Sulêman, From Seed to Wheat, volume 1, Second Edition, (Hewlêr - Hewser Press - 2007), p 47-48.
5. Ehmed Banikhelani, My Memories, (Stockholm, 1997), pp. 188, 214-215, 250, 259-260, 339-341, 356-357, 385-387, 400, 407, 427-431, 444, 447, 471, 542-543, 548.
6. Ehmed Bawer, Contemporary History of Iraq 1914-1968, (Sulaymaniyah, Karo Press, 2018), pp. 382, ​​384.
7. Ehmed Dilzar, Memories of My Life Days, (Hewlêr – Ministry of Intellectuals and Youth – Şahab ​​Press – 2019), pp. 82, 220, 122.
8. Ehmed Şerîf Lek, Interpretation of Historical Events, vol. 2, (Hewlêr – Rojhilat Press – 2019), pp. 69, 94, 108, 119-121, 124, 137, 143, 145, 206.
9. Ashraf Talabani, A Brief History of the Talabani Sheikhs, (Hewlêr - Koyê Research and Communication Center - Shehab Press - 2012), pp. 98, 102-109, 112-117, 132.
10. Ibrahim Al-Rawi, From the Great Arab Revolt to the New Iraq, second edition, (Beirut - Dar Al-Kutub Press - 1978), p 378.
11. Adeeth and Waei, Eve, Bezuz, Iraq, a study of its external relations and internal developments 1915-1975, translated by Abdulmajid Hasib Al-Qaysi, Part Two, (Beirut - House of Arab Encyclopedias - 1989), pp. 22, 97.
12. Ardaşir Paşang, Kurds in the Middle of the Iran-Iraq War, (Tehran - Merz and Bom Publishing House - 2014), pp. 136, 138, 151, 153, 163, 191, 193, 201, 206, 219, 222, 227, 262, 264 - 265, 271 - 273, 277, 285, 314, 331, 340, 343 – 345, 347, 349, 351.
13. Arnold Wilson, The Iraqi Revolution, translation and commentary by Ja'far Al-Khayat, (Beirut - Dar Al-Kutub Press - 1971), p 67.
14. Names of Candidates on the Kurdistan Alliance List for the Upcoming Elections, El-Taxî Newspaper, El-Taxî Printing and Publishing House, Issue 4641, Third Issue, Baghdad, Wednesday, 07.12.2005, p 8.
15. Emma Skye, The Collapse of Great Hopes and Lost Opportunities in Iraq, translated and presented by Qays Qasim El-Ecrash, (Beirut - El-Rafidein and Sclor - 2016), pp. 423, 476, 519.
16. Bahaeddin Nuri, in An Assessment of the Policy of the Iraqi Communist Party in the Years 1958-1983, fourth edition, (Iraq – January 1, 1991), p. 33.
17. Peter J. Lambert, The United States and the Kurds, Case Studies on United States Commitments, translated by the Center for Kurdish Studies and Document Preservation / University of Duhok, (Duhok - University of Duhok - Xanî Press - 2008), pp. 62, 64, 97, 99, 111, 113, 117, 119.
18. Peter W. Galbraith, The End of Iraq, translated by Mamk, (Hewlêr, Aras Publishing House, 2007), pp. 86, 211.
19. Talib Moryasi, The Search for Truth, Volume 1, (Hewlêr, 2004), pp. 116, 131-132.
20. Jalal Talabani, Dr. El-Etassî and the Kurdish Question, (Kurdistan - Patriotic Union of Kurdistan - School of Organization - no year), p 1, 40.
21. Jalal Talabani, Kurdistan and the Kurdish National Movement, (Beirut - Dar Al-Tali’ah for Printing and Publishing - 1969), pp. 1, 7, 447.
22. Jalal Talabani, Kurdistan and the Kurdish National Movement, translated by (H.A), (Sulaymaniyah Library – Cemal Ali Bapir – 2011), pp. 1, 275, 337.
23. Hafiz El-Qazi, Remembrance, Part One, (Duhok - Xanî Press - 2006), p 270.
24. Habib Muhammad Karim, History of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - Iraq (Main Events) 1946 - 1993, (Duhok - Xebat Press - 1998), pp. 50, 56 - 57, 59, 61, 68, 85, 508.
25. Habib Muhammad Karim, Kirkuk and the Glorious September Revolution, Golan Al-Arabi Magazine, Golan Cultural Center, Issue 70, Year 6, Hewlêr, Ministry of Education Press, March 31, 2002, p. 38.
26. The Iraq War: Diaries - Documents - Reports 1990 - 2005, (Beirut - Arab League Research Center - 2007), pp. 524, 1066, 1160, 1239.
27. Hesen Arfa, Kurds and a historical and political assessment, (no place, no year), pp. 133-134, 139-141.
28. Hassan Latif Al-Zubaydi, Encyclopedia of Iraqi Parties, (Beirut - Al-Arif Publishing Foundation - 2007), pp. 448-450, 492, 512, 514-516, 591.
29. Heso Hormî, A Glimpse into the Life of Prince Tahsin Said Ali Beg, (Hewlêr - Rojhelat Press - 2017), pp. 90, 152, 193.
30. Hussein Ahmadi, A Study of Political Events in the Regions of Iranian Kurdistan 1320-1330 AH, second edition, (Tehran - Institute for Contemporary History Studies - 1394 AH), p. 25.