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Dr. Nasih Khafur

Nasih Xefur Remezan, known as (N. Bebak), joined the ranks of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1964. In 1969, he joined the ranks of the Peshmerga forces on the sidelines of the Kurdistan Democratic Party's third-level committee's activities...


Nasih Xefur Remezan, known as (N. Bebak), joined the ranks of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1964. In 1969, he joined the ranks of the Peshmerga forces within the framework of the activities of the third branch of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. In the years (1980 - 1981), he was a branch member of the sixth branch of the European branch of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. In 1980, he supervised the organizations of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Austria. In 1989, he was elected by the congress delegates as an Alternate Member of the Central Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (Tenth Congress).

 

Biography

Dr. Nasih Xefur Remezan, born in 1948 in Kirkuk, is from the Zengene clan of Fayli, whose ancestors migrated from Kermanshah, Eastern Kurdistan, during the Safavid period, to Southern Kurdistan, which was then under Ottoman rule. He completed his primary, secondary and preparatory education in Kirkuk. He was established in 1969 at the Penjwen Primary School with a revolutionary teacher. He was established in 1969 with the support of the scientific department (Al Maarif) of the Eylul Revolution in the Hewraman area on the border of Sulaymaniyah province. In 1969, he became a student of the first revolutionary teachers' class in the village of Navpirdan, in the Hewler province.

 

He began writing poetry in 1970. In 1970, he went to the Soviet Union to study. In 1971, he was admitted to the College of International Relations and International Law of Kiev University. On June 22, 1976, he received his master's degree from the Department of International Relations and International Law of Kiev University. On January 24, 1979, he defended his doctoral thesis. On April 23, 1980, his doctorate in the Philosophy of History of International Relations and Foreign Policy was accepted from Kiev University.

 

In 1980, he moved to the Republic of Austria and lived there until 1981. In 1981, he returned to Iran and lived there until 1987. In the years (1987 - 1991), he was the Representative of the President Masoud Barzani and the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the Soviet Union. In 1990, he went to the Kingdom of Sweden as a refugee and returned to the Kurdistan Region after the uprising in Southern Kurdistan.

 

He received his professorship from Salaheddin University in 1996, and from 1997 to 2008 he was a lecturer in the Law and Political Science Departments at the Evening College of Law and Political Science at Salaheddin University (Hewler). He received his professorship from Moscow University in 2006. He became a member of the Untouchable Writers' Association in 2006. He is fluent in Kurdish, Turkmen, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Arabic, Russian, Ukrainian, Persian, German and Swedish.


Worksheet

In the summer of 1964, he joined the ranks of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and was awarded the honor of membership in the Kurdistan Democratic Party in 1966. In 1969, he graduated from the first class of the Revolutionary Teachers' Association. In 1969, he graduated from the first class of the Cadres' Association. In the summer of 1966, he was awarded the honor of membership in the Kurdistan Democratic Party. In 1968, he worked in the ranks of the Kurdistan Qutab (Students) Union in the city of Kirkuk and became a member of a branch. In the summer of 1969, he joined the ranks of the Peshmerga forces on the border of the Kurdistan Democratic Party's Third District Committee. In the years (1969 - 1970), he was a member of the Penjwen District Committee of the Fourth District Committee.

 

In 1970, he became a member of the Kurdish Students' Association in Europe. In the years (1971 - 1976), he was a member of the board of the Ukrainian organization of the Kurdish Students' Association in the Soviet Union. From February 16 to 20, 1972, he participated in the fifteenth congress of the Kurdish Students' Association in Europe (K.S.S.E.) in Bucharest, Romania. In the years (1976 - 1980), he was the head of the Soviet Union organization of the sixth branch of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. In the years (1980 - 1981), he was a member of the sixth branch of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Europe. In 1980, he supervised the organizations of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Austria.

 

In 1981, he contacted the ranks of the Peshmerga forces for the second time in his life. On September 28, 1981, he was appointed as a member of the communications department. In 1981, he became the head of the Kurdish publications department. In 1982, he was appointed as the head of the Sulaymaniyah district committee of the fourth division and the fourth division administration. In the years (1984 - 1985), he worked in the organization department with the rank of member. In the years (1985 - 1986), he became the head of the Sulaymaniyah district committee of the fourth division. On November 5, 1985, he was appointed as the head of the fourth division. In 1987, he worked in the communications department in Syria. In the years (1988 - 1991) he was a scientific researcher at the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Soviet Union in Moscow. In 1989, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan (tenth congress) by the congress delegates. On November 5, 1991, he was established as a member of the organization department. On January 8, 1991, he was established as the head of the cadre conference of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan. From January 16, 1991 to February 18, 1992, he was a lecturer on the program and internal affairs of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan and the foundations of the main party organizations at the ninth session of the cadre conference of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan in the city of Pirmam, Erbil province.

 

On the occasion of November 16, 1993, as the Minister of Education of the Kurdistan Regional Government, he delivered a speech to the attendees at the Azadi Congress of the Kurdistan Qutb Union and the Kurdistan Democratic Youth Union in the city of Erbil. He was the chairman of the Kurdistan Democratic Party's Cadres' Conference (10, 11, 12 and 13) and continued to work until 2006. In 1992, on the list of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, he became a member of the Kurdistan National Council (Kurdistan Parliament). On July 4, 1992, he became the Minister of Education (first cabinet), and on Wednesday, August 19, 1992, his poems were published in the newspaper Xebat, the organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. In 1993, he was elected by the congress delegates as a member of the central committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - United (eleventh congress). On April 25, 1993, he became the Minister of Education of the Kurdistan Region (second cabinet). On Saturday, May 29, 1993, as the Minister of Education, he welcomed Mrs. Barbil Hamer, Member of Parliament for Bavaria of the Federal Republic of Germany, to the second cabinet of the Kurdistan Regional Government. In January 1993, as the Minister of Education of the Kurdistan Region, he participated in the Kurdish language conference organized by the Sorbonne University and the Kurdish Institute in Paris. In 1993, he was elected by the congress delegates as a member of the central committee of the United Kurdistan Democratic Party (eleventh congress).

 

On November 16, 1993, as the Minister of Education of the Kurdistan Regional Government, he participated in the Azadi Congress of the Kurdistan Democratic Youth Union and the Kurdistan Students Union in the city of Erbil. From January 23, 1994 to March 28, 1995, he took refuge and demonstrated in the Kurdistan National Council hall with 58 members of parliament from all lists to condemn the civil war. On January 30, 1994, his house in the city of Erbil was looted by the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan. In the fall of 1996, with the representation of the President Masoud Barzani with the delegation Dear Muhammad and Dr. İzedin Mustafa Rasul visited Moscow with the aim of gaining the support of the country's authorities for the Kurdish cause. On January 19, 1996, he became a member of the Higher Education Board (first term). On January 19, 1996, he became a member of the Communications Board of the Kurdistan Patriotic Council (first term).

 

In 1997, he was the head of the tenth session of the Kurdistan Democratic Party cadres' conference in Erbil. In 1998, he was the head of the eleventh session of the Kurdistan Democratic Party cadres' conference in Erbil. In 1998, he was the party's art teacher at the eleventh session of the Kurdistan Democratic Party cadres' conference in Erbil. In the September 9, 1998, meeting, he became a member of the Higher Education Committee and a member of the Peshmerga Affairs Committee of the Kurdistan National Council (first session). In 1998, he published articles in the Arabic-language magazine Zagros. In 1998, he Felekedin Kakeyi He participated in the Kurdistan Information Conference in Moscow. In 1999, he ran for membership in the central committee at the twelfth congress of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, but was not elected.

 

On March 14, 2000, he became a member of the committee of the delegation to commemorate the birth of the Kurdish national leader Barzani Nemir, appointed by the Kurdistan National Council (first term). On April 11, 2000, he became a member of the committee of higher education and training in the Kurdistan National Council (first term). In 2001, he became a member of the committee of monitoring the situation and livelihood of Kurdish refugees in European and foreign countries in the Kurdistan National Council (first term). On March 17, 2001, he became the Chairman of the Yellow Faction (Kurdistan Democratic Party) in the Kurdistan National Council and remained in this position until March 2006. From April 3 to 5, 2001, represented by Dr. Roj Nuri Sediq, known as Dr. Roj Şaweys, the President of the Kurdistan National Council, participated in the first congress of the academy on Kirkuk at the Hewlêr Cultural Hall and presented a paper there.

 

In 2001, he was the lecturer on the organization, program and internal affairs of the Kurdistan Democratic Party at the twelfth session of the Kurdistan Democratic Party Cadres Conference in the city of Erbil. On Thursday, November 2, 2001, with the President Masoud Barzani He participated in the graduation ceremony of the twelfth session of the Cadres' Conference in Erbil. On April 6, 2002, he became the Chairman of the Higher Education and Training Affairs Committee of the Kurdistan National Council (first session). In 2001, he was the program and internal affairs instructor of the Kurdistan Democratic Party at the thirteenth session of the Cadres' Conference of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Erbil.

 

On October 31, 2002, he became the Chairman of the Kurdistan Democratic Party Faction in the Kurdistan National Council (first term). In February 2003, together with Dr. Roj Nuri Sediq, he visited the Russian Federation as part of the Kurdistan Democratic Party delegation to strengthen relations. From February 14, 2004 to April 14, 2004, he was the lecturer on the program and internal affairs of the Kurdistan Democratic Party at the fourteenth term of the Kurdistan Democratic Party Cadres Conference in Erbil. In the years (2003 - 2013), he was responsible for the civil society and democracy development council in Kirkuk. On January 30, 2005, he was a candidate for the Kurdistan Democratic Party list with number 162 for the Kurdistan National Council. In 2005, he became a member of the Committee for Relations and Cultural Affairs at the Kurdistan National Council (second term). On June 4, 2005, he became a member of the Kurdistan National Council (second term). On September 9, 2005, by the decision of the President of the Kurdistan Region, he became a member of the Committee for Review and Implementation of Article 58 of the Law on the Use of the Iraqi State for the Transitional Phase (second term). On August 23, 2005, he became a member of the Committee for Relations and Social Affairs at the Kurdistan National Council (second term). In 2006, he became a member of the international organization of the Association for the Protection of Threatened Peoples.

 

On November 28-29, 2006, he participated in the Russia and the Islamic World Conference in Moscow. On January 6, 2006, he was awarded the Mikhail Lomonosov Medal by the National Committee of the Russian Federation in Moscow. In 2007, he was the program and internal affairs instructor of the Kurdistan Democratic Party at the 16th Congress of the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Erbil. In 2010, he was a candidate for the Kurdistan Alliance list for membership in the Iraqi Council of Representatives. In 2014, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee of the World Peace Games in the Middle East and Africa. In 2010, he was a delegate to the 13th Congress of the Kurdistan Democratic Party. On January 18, 2010, for his work and resistance during the September Revolution, the May Revolution, the uprising in Southern Kurdistan, and the period of sovereignty, he was awarded the title of President. Masoud Barzani He has received the Barzani Medal of Immortality.

 

His works:

What about those revolutionaries in 1982?

The Kurdish problem in international agreements and treaties of the first quarter of the twentieth century - Master's thesis 1986.

The Kurdish issue in the 1978 Treaty of Sèvres.

The Kurdish problem in the international relations system between the First and Second World Wars - Doctoral thesis 1979.

A few necessary pages on the ideas and thoughts of the Social Democrats in 1982.

Memories of emigration 1981.

The beginning of the important events of the Party organization in 1984.

The path of resistance 1986.

Who is Kadir 1998 - ?.

The Kurdish problem today and the role of the KDP in the Kurdish Liberation Movement (In Russian) 1990.

Some aspects of national heritage and the work to return Barzani to Nemir 2002.

What is the election and the election process and how is it conducted in 2009?

What is the Constitution of 2009?

The legacy and method of the Barzani Nemir in theory and practice in 2010.

General international law - ready for publication.

The constitution is ready for publication.

International disputes and controversies - ready for publication.


Source:

1- List of names of absent participants of the twelfth congress of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, November 7, 2018, page 1.

2- A.D.K, Minister of Education welcomes a delegation from Germany, Kurdistan Democratic Party's organ, Birayetî newspaper, number 1658, Hewlêr, Sunday, May 30, 1993, page 4.

3- The Kurdistan Parliament and a historical position, the newspaper Birayeti, the organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - United, number 2118, Wednesday, January 28, 1994, page 1.

4- The Freedom Congress begins its activities, Birayetî newspaper, the organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - United, number 1772, Hewlêr, Sunday, November 17, 1993, pages 1 and 4.

5- Hamid Gewheri, the Barzani Medal, the highest literary award, first book, second edition, (Hewlêr - Barzani Charity Organization 2019), pages 494 and 496.

6- Nasir Zengene Ayl Zengene Der guzar tarix, (Tehran - Antisharat Center for Education and Research, Martyr Sepahbad Siyad Shirazi 1396 Shamsi) pages 9, 17, 22, 23, 41.

7- Muhammad Abdulrahman Zengene, History of the Zengene Tribe, second edition, (Sulaymaniyah - Run Publishing House - 2012), pages 7, 273, 276.

8- Kinêr Abdulla, Women's Political Participation in Southern Kurdistan (Sulaymaniyah 2016) pages 91 and 121.

9- Eli Jafar, Kurdish immigrant community of Kurdish students in Europe, the second nature, the second nature, (Istanbul Dar Xanî 2020) page 194.

10- The legacy and method of the immortal Barzani in theory and practice, (Hewlêr - Rewşenbîrî Publishing House 2010), pages 1 and 136.

11- Kurdistan Democratic National List of the Kurdistan Parliament, pre-election newspaper, High Elections Information Board, No. 5, Hewlêr, Cultural Press, January 22, 2005, page 3.

12- Article by the Minister of Education, Peshketin newspaper, the organ of the Democratic Students and Youth Union of Kurdistan, number 48, Hewlêr, November 2, 1993, page 2.

13- The legacy of Al Reis Al Barzani.. The academic advisor of Kirkuk, Mujale Gulan al Arabi, Muesese Gulan lil Seqafiye wal I'lam, al adad 59, al sana al xamse, Erbil, 30 April 2001, page 24.

14- Shepherd Hussein Shinik Baleki, Cewher Namiq is healthy. 1946 - 2011 life, works and political role, Soran University, Faculty of Arts, 2016 (Master's thesis and unpublished) page 89.

15- Candidates of the Kurdistan Alliance List, Dengdan magazine, Election Authority (PUK), issues 10 and 11, Sulaymaniyah Press, August 2020, page 10.

16- Sulêman Mustafa Hesen, Kurds and the First Experience, (Hewlêr - Karo Publishing House 2017) page 274.

17- Names of 111 candidates of the joint list of Kurdistan for the Kurdistan Parliament, Ashti newspaper, number 19, first year, Tehran, Saturday, January 3, 1383, moved to number 3.

18- Arif Rushdi, Kurdish Students Association in Europe between 1956 - 1975, Hewlêr newspaper, number 3254 Hewlêr, Thursday, January 30, 2020, page 6.

19- Eli Cefer, Kurd al muhajir mosque al talabiye al Kurd fî Europe, al cuz al awal, al tabia al saniye, (Istanbul Dar Xanî 2019) page 183.

20- Nasih Xefur Ramadan 37 ama ala andulaha sawre 11 September 1961 in al zakeriye, mucele Zagros, Ministry of Culture and Culture Kurdistan, printing house of the Ministry of Culture and Culture 10 Erbil, 27 September 1998, page 9.

21- Archives of the Encyclopedia Committee of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.

22- Revolutionary Leadership Council - Iraqi Kurdistan, executive school, science and health department, graduation certificate, number 1969, 2 pages 1.

23- Ehmed Şerîf Lek, commentary on historical events, second volume, (Hewlêr - Rojhilat Publishing House 2019), pages 87 and 93.

24- Bewar Nuredin, Kurds and Kurdistan, Bibliography and Index to Kurdish Books, second volume, second part, (Tehran - Tehran Press 2016) page 197.

25- Sulêman Mustafa Hesen, Kurds and the First Experience, (Hewlêr - Karo Publishing House 2017) page 274.

26- Kurdistan Democratic Party, political school, decision, number 28, 4862 September 1981, page 1.

27- Kurdistan Democratic Party, political school, decision, number 5, 819 November 1991, page 1.

28- Kurdistan Democratic Party, political school, resolution, number 8, 936 January 1, 1991, page 1.

29- Kurdistan Democratic Party, political school, decision, number 5, 9410 November 1, 1985, page 1.

30- Kurdistan Democratic Party, political school, decision for all struggling sections of the M.S., issue 18, July 6775, 1985, page 1.

31- The cadres' conference, the intellectual-political family, Xebat newspaper, the organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, number 632, Hewlêr, Sunday, August 16, 1992, page 6.

32- The looting of citizens' lives and property by armed robbers continues, first part, Birayeti newspaper, organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - United, issue number 2119, Monday, February 13, 1995, page 7.

33- Hamid Gewheri, Barzani Medal, the highest literary award, first cover, (Hewler - Barzani Charity Organization - Haji Hashim Publishing House 2014) pages 388 and 490.

34- Heme Ehmed Caf, The Unblemished, Dengê Pêşmerge magazine, issue 156, Hewlêr, Aras Press, March 2011, page 78.

35- The Parliamentary Assembly is divided on the issue of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, issue 757, issue 10 February 1995, page 2.

36- The history of the Party cadres' servants, from the mountains to the city, (Hewler - Evaluation and Research Center and Party Academy - Rojhilat Publishing House 2019) pages 78, 92, 93, 95, 98, 104, 106, 116, 119, 122, 132, 172.

37- Announcement of the Council of Ministers of the Kurdistan Region, Kurdistanî Niwê newspaper, organ of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, number 131, Hewlêr, Sunday, July 5, 1992, page 1.

38- President Barzani on the occasion of the second military parade of the Mu'ahed army: "The efforts to continue the unity of the Party for the common good of Iraq," Xebat newspaper, language of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan, issue 1054, Erbil, Tuesday, November 30, 2001, page 1.

39- Samir Salih, Five Cities in the Mirrors of Past Times, (Hewlêr - Mardin Publishing House 2016) page 46.

40- President Barzani: The problem of a nation of thirty, forty million cannot be solved by denying its existence by this or that, Birayeti newspaper, organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, number 3553, Hewlêr, Saturday, January 1, 2001, page 1.

41- Seyid Ali Mujani, Sulmaz Sidqi, alhe na'mti.., Dictionary of the Persian and Persian languages ​​of Iraq, (Tehran - Neşir azam 1392 AH) page 1276.

42- Sherzad Sulêman and Botan Tahsîn, The successful cadres' conference is coming to an end these days, Birayeti newspaper, organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party - United, number 2535 Hewlêr, Thursday, February 26, 1998, page 5.

43- Salah al-Din Abdulhamid Abdalle, History of the Zengana Dynasty, (Sulaymaniyah - Rehend Publishing House 2018) page 81.

44- Tariq Cambaz and Ni'met Abdulla Pirdawid, Members of the First Session of the Kurdistan Parliament - Iraq 1992 - 2005 (Hewlêr - Kurdistan National Council - Shehab Press 2008) pages 162, 178.

45- Tariq Cambaz, Second-generation MPs of the Kurdistan Parliament of Iraq (Hewlêr - Kurdistan National Council - Shehab Press 2007) page 119.

46- Eli Kemal Barzi, Famous Kurdish Figures in the Twentieth Century, first volume, (Hewlêr - Barzi Project - University Press 1999) pages 288, 289.

47- Fatih Rasul, A few pages on the history of the work of the Kurdish people, first volume, (Sweden - Halabja Press - 1979) page 104.

48- The Kurdistan Democratic Party faction in the Parliament visited Kirkuk, Gulan magazine, Gulan intellectual center, number 429, Hewlêr, Ministry of Education printing house, April 17, 2003, page 4.

49- The International Consulate of Russia in the United States of Iraq in Erbil, certified document, dated 22, 440, 2009, page 1.

50- The Kurdistan Realm, first volume, (Hewlêr ـ Erbil Publishing House 2012), pages 8, 10, 14, 257, 467.

51- The Kurdistan Realm, second volume, (Erbil Publishing House, 2012), page 517.

52- The Kurdistan Realm, third volume, (Erbil Publishing House, 2012), pages 1207, 1250, 1276.

53- List of names of candidates of the Kurdistan Democratic Party for the Kurdistan National Council, Peshketin newspaper, organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Students and Youth Union - Iraq, issue 26, May 1992, page 4.

54- Mihemed Mela Qadir, brief study on the history of the KDP and the culture of the Barzani Nemir, second edition, (Hewlêr - Aras Publishing House 2007) page 98.

55- The importance of independence for the anti-Islamic people in Iraq, Al-Taxi newspaper, Al-Dawra Al-Salesa, published by Al-Taxi, number 4410, Baghdad, Al-Salesa, February 22, 2005, page 10.

56- Mullah Faruq Şiwanî, All Kurds, first volume, (Hewlêr - Intellectual Publishing House 1997) page 113.

57- N. Bebak, feelings and decisions, the cadres' conference, the intellectual and political family, Xebat newspaper, the organ of the Kurdistan Democratic Party, number 633, Hewlêr, Wednesday, August 19, 1992, page 5.

58- Nasih Xefur Remezan, The Path of Resistance, (Kurdistan - Xebat Publishing House 1986) pages 1 and 8.

59- Nasih Xefur Remezan, Some aspects of the national heritage and the work of returning the Barzani Nemir, (Hewlêr - Peshmerga Organization School - Ministry of Education Press 2002), 36.

60- Nasih Xefur Remezan, How to Reach Party Cadres, (Hewlêr 1998) pages 4, 45, 47.

61- Names and biographies of the Ministers of the Kurdistan Government, Kurdistanî Niwê newspaper, organ of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, number 132, Hewlêr, Monday, July 6, 1992, page 2.

62- Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Council of Higher Education, Presidency of Salaheddin University / Hewlêr, 1999 - 2000 Graduate Guide (Hewlêr - Salaheddin University Press 2000) page 183.

63- Kurdistan Region of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, protocol, first cover, (Hewlêr - Ministry of Education Press 1997) pages 287, 288.

64- Kurdistan Region of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq Protocol 1992, seventh volume, (Hewlêr - Ministry of Education Press 1997) page 342.

65- Kurdistan Region of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq Protocol 1992, thirteenth volume, (Hewlêr - Ministry of Education Press 1998) pages 267, 271.

66- Kurdistan Region of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq Protocol 1998, eighteenth volume, (Hewlêr - Ministry of Education Press 1999, pages 30, 38.

67- Kurdistan Region of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, Protocol 2004 of the National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, page thirty-two, (Hewlêr - Ministry of Education Press 2004) page 75.

68- Kurdistan Region of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, Protocol Year (2005) of the National Council of Kurdistan of Iraq, page thirty-five, (Hewlêr 2007) pages 3 and 6.

69- Federal Kurdistan Region of Iraq, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Salaheddin University, Evening College of Law and Politics, Journal, No. 834/ 2,2,20, 25 November 2009, page 1.

Wirya Caf, History of the Voice of Iraqi Kurdistan (Dihok - Xebat Publishing House 2002) pages 137, 139.


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